Fill in the gaps:

(a) Ascending limb of Henle’s loop is ______ to water whereas the descending limb is _______ to it.

(b) Reabsorption of water from distal parts of the tubules is facilitated by hormone _______.

(c) Dialysis fluid contain all the constituents as in plasma except _______.

(d) A healthy adult human excretes (on an average) _______ gm of urea/day

Name the following:

1. A chordate animal having flame cells as excretory structures.

2. Cortical portions projecting between the medullary pyramids in the human kidney.

3. A loop of capillary running parallel to Henle’s loop.

What is the significance of juxtaglomerular apparatus(JGA) in kidney function?

Terrestrial animals are generally either ureotelic or uricotelic, not ammonotelic, why?

What is meant by the term osmoregulation?